shaneDAT

the 1 in "SN1" means unimolecular//nucleophilic substitution of the first order whereas the 2 in "SN2" means bimolecular//nucleophilic substitution of the second order...SN1 means the solvent has fewer letters (protic) whereas SN2 means that the solvent has an extra letter (aprotic).

The hierarchy of bond strength : Ionic bonds are the strongest bond type, followed by covalent...these 2 are the two strongest and also easy to remember because they are the most common bond types...hydrogen bonds take the bronze medal for 3rd place in bind strength.

remember bronsted-lowry because this is the intuitive one where the acid has extra H+ to donate and then lewis is basically the opposite with electrons.

SN2 reactions are bimolecular meaning two species/molecules interact as a part of the rate determining step...while SN2 reactions are bimolecular, they are also concerted meaning that the entire reaction takes place in just one step.

SN1 reactions on the other hand are unimolecular meaning only one species interacts during the rate determining step but the reaction's entirety takes 2 steps and thus is not concerted.

the elements with the most metallic character also have the largest atomic radii and are located in the bottom left corner of the periodic table.
noble gases are the hardest/impossible to ionize (gain or lose an electron) because they are the most stable elements due to their full valence shell of 8 electrons. The most stable elements, molecules, etc are also the least reactive
^ more stable = less reactive

the entropy of the universe is always increasing
entropy is randomness/disorder
delta G < 0 = spontaneous
delta G < 0 = exergonic (releases energy)
exergonic reactions occur spontaneously

Delta H is enthalpy (total heat change)
Delta S is entropy (total change in randomness/disorder)
Delta G is Gibbs free energy which is the total energy associated with a system that is free/available to do work.

these cold pack type questions about the heat transfer between the system and surroundings are always a little tricky because they tend to be the exact opposite of what you think

to find total valence electrons, add up the group numbers (vertical) of the elements in their appropriate amounts
if octets are not filled, a double bond is a way to move free electrons to a bond that shares the electron density between both bonded/involved atoms

pressure is the inverse of volume
temperature and volume are directlt proportional
temperature and pressure are inversely related

when structures differ by R and S, they are isomers

shane against the grain = counterclockwise = s configuration.

meso = symmetrical = internal plane of symmetry

chiral = nonsuperimposable
achiral = superimposable, exactly the same

I prefer the last formula because it is another way of saying "group number minus all the dots and half the lines"

This is also a good formal charge formula depiction that makes sense.

eclipsed = gauche interactions which reduce stability and increase reactivity
staggered = more stable

the alpha particle is the heaviest in amu

memorize the first 4 alkane order: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, rest are self explanatory

up and down positions always alternate from one to the next on EITHER axial or equatorial
if axial is up down up down then equatorial must be opposite positioning down up down up

negative entropy and positive enthalpy is nonspontaneous

protic = has hydrogen H-NOF bonds
aprotioc = lacks hydrogen H-NOF bonds

water, the universal solvent, is a polar, contains hydrogen bonds, and is a protic solvent
all of the weird solvent abbreviations like DMSO, DMF, and THF are polar aprotic solvents
alcohols like methanol and ethanol are protic solvents
the solvents with an R group in the abbreviation like ROH and RCOOH are protic solvents, but these are also identifiable as protic due to their alcoholic nature

the triple point the cross section in the graphical Y shape

carbonyl is a C=O (carbon double bonded to an oxygen)...this central bond is polar due to the oxygen's electronegativity and this bond can be a part of a ketone or an aldehyde, etc

OIL RIG
oxidation is losing electrons
reduction is gaining electrons

for organic nomenclature you want to start with the alkane carbon skeleton and then identify the group with the greatest molecular weight/ highest priority and then start with the alkane branch end closest to this priority subsitituent and then label it #1.
numbering is super important for nomenclature

SP hybridized atoms have the highest acidity because they have the highest percentage of S character at 50%

the vant hoff factor is determined by the number of ions that the molecule will dissociate into in aqueous solution...an example is that the vant hoff factor for the ionic compound NaCl would be 2 because it dissociates into the 2 ions Na+ and Cl-

Bullet Notes
cube counting: 5 sides painted = same as saying 1 side covered
2 identical groups attached to a carbon atom (2 of the total 4) means that carbon stereocenter CANNOT be chiral
you use prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra) when naming molecular compounds (two bonded non-metals)
you do not use prefixes when naming ionic compounds
certain metals require roman numerals (i, ii, iii) in their nomenclature due to the various oxidation states...look at charge of bonded molecule to figure out what roman numeral to use
the greater the surface area of a carbon chain the higher the boiling point due to increased london dispersion forces
when temperature is increased, metalloids (like Silicon and Germanium) increase in conductivity
when temperature is increased, metals decrease in conductivity
when temperature is decreased, metals increase in conductivity
metalloids are called semiconductors and when you get a metal down to T= absolute 0, they can be called superconductors
metals are good conductors of electricity because the conduction of electricity is done through the movement of electrons...metals have freely moving electrons in their outtermost valence shells that can be transferred from one atom to the next, thus passing charge
nonmetals are not conductive because they have tightly bound electrons in their valence shell that are not able to freely move
R is CLOCKWISE assignment of priority groups in a stereocenter
S is COUNTERCLOCKWISE
the Grignard reagent formula is R-Mg-X
molecular nomenclature: when a molecule ends with the suffix "ide" it is usually a monoatomic
when a molecule ends with the suffixes "ate" or "ite" they are usually polyatomic ions
molecules with the suffix "ate" usually have one more oxygen than molecules with the suffic "ite"
constitutional isomers have the same chemical formula but they are connected differently
a carbon=carbon double bond is called an alkene
a carbon-carbon single bond is called an alkane
a carbon to carbon triple bond is called an alkyne (least common of the 3)
CRH is a peptide hormone
the 3 main types of hormones are steroid hormones, peptide hormones, and amino acid derived hormones

16 stereoisomers
4 chiral centers
fischer projection

The 5 most common/useful types of organic reactions

activating groups DONATE electron density to the ring
deactivating groups WITHDRAW electron density from the ring
amines, esters, and alcohols are all activating groups that donate electron density to the ring
all halogen groups (F, Cl, Br, I) are always deactivating because they are the most electronegative and reactive atoms on the periodic table due to their 7 valence electrons and it only taking one more to become a stable noble gas with a full octet

the halogens are deactivating ortho-para directors
cyano (CN) groups and carbonyl (C=O) groups deactivating meta directors

internal energy = total energy of the system

same atoms and chemical formula but different connectivity and thus different names

the more substituted carbon is the carbon that is the highest in terms of primary, secondary, tertiary substitution...meaning the carbon center with more bonded groups attached
when HBr is used without peroxide (ROOR), the Bromine attaches to the most substituted carbon
when HBr is used with peroxide the bromine attaches to the least substituted carbon
carbon double bond is an alkene

this is a radical reaction
the allylic hydrogen is the hydrogen that is one carbon away from the c=c double bond
the bromine will replace this allylic hydrogen and the c=c double bond will remain unaffected

this is a radical reaction (the Hv (ultraviolet light) helps indicate the radical nature of this reaction)
bromine is selective in radical reactions in that it wants to be the most stable...tertiary radicals are more stable than secondary and secondary radicals are more stable than primary
if you were to do the same but with chlorine (Cl2) instead, then you would get a mixture of products because Cl2 is reactive and nonselective meaning it will attack primary secondary or tertiary.
stability matters for bromine (Br2) but not for chlorine (Cl2)

this is a cyclohexene reaction that reacts with hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst
the metal catalysts are different: in the top reaction with hydrogen gas the catalyst is platinum (pt)... in the bottom reaction with deterium the catalyst is paladium (pd)
the hydrogen gas reaction on top does not need to show the hydrogen atoms in the product because they are hydrogens which are typically invisible on a molecular structure but for the second reaction on the bottom you have to show the addition of deterium in the products.
this reaction is one where the cyclohexene becomes a cyclohexane meaning it rids of the double bond and becomes a cyclic alkane instead
the two products of the bottom deterium reaction with dotted lines through the middle are meso compounds (same but opposite wedge/dash)
this reaction does syn addition

the zaitsef product is the major product

LiAlH4 is a stronger reducing agent than NaBH4

bulky bases are bases with steric hindrance
bulky bases usually have something that looks like a turkey foot and is called 'tert'...like tertbutoxide
bulky bases favor the E2 mechanism
strong bases that are not very bulky/ sterically hindered favor the SN2 mechanism.
strong bases are either E2 or SN2...if bulky then E2, if unhindered then SN2